From a legal point of view, governments (national, regional and local ones) may legally guarantee the following points to enable mobility without owning a car. The core is the guarantee of service provision: minimum service level for mobility services (conventional public transport and demand-responsive public transport). Guarantee in case of service cancellation and missed connection can also be included. The guarantee can be additionally complemented by ensuring nationwide car-pooling platform. As the basis, a guarantee for infrastructures for sustainable mobility services will serve as a basis not just as access and egress to the above-mentioned mobility service but also for door-to-door travels. In addition to this, a legal framework for mobility platform (MaaS) (from a legal point of view, essentially a broker service) can also be guaranteed. To embed the guarantee in the legal system, a new basic act is thinkable such as a (Federal) Mobility Act. Anchoring the guarantee on the constitutional level (as a basic human right or a national goal) would be possible, but comparatively less effective in the practice.

Figure 1 Basis for Nationwide Mobility Service Guarantee and their relationships

In FLADEMO, five different scenarios (implementation approaches) towards NMSG with different characteristics of transport and mobility parameters are defined and analyzed. The five scenarios are:

• Scenario 1 "All regions aboard": focus is set on the basic service provision of mobility services in rural areas, where the service hardly exists. In light of scenarios, this is to be understood as a minimum scenario to demonstrate the effect of improved public transport services alone without other policy instruments. This is not a recommendable implementation scenario, but as the minimum scenario this will help to draw conclusions.
• Scenario 2: "Focus active mobility": in this scenario, public transport is moderately improved, particularly in rural areas. The strong focus is on active modes of travel. In this scenario, bicycle is an important access and egress mode to public transport services: the cycling infrastructure is much improved.
• Scenario 3: "Focus car-pooling": public transport services are improved similarly to the scenario “Focus active mobility”. Car-pooling with private automobiles are considered as an important complement to public transport, especially in rural area where the public transport service level is low.
• Scenario 4: "Goodbye private cars": this scenario is a reflection of the vison that everyone without own car can be as mobile as those who own cars. Public transport services (both conventional and demand-responsive ones) are improved not only in rural areas but also in urban areas. In comparison to the previous scenarios, NMSG guarantees shorter access and egress paths to public transport, shorter intervals and longer service hours. The improvement is also combined with strong push measures to discourage the use of private cars.
• Scenario 5: "Questionable utopia" or "Public transport for everyone and any trips": this scenario is a maximum scenario for the comparisons, and mainly serves itself to understand the limit values of our gedankenexperiment in the comparison with other scenario, as does the scenario “All regions aboard”. Thus, this does not reflect realistic and recommendable scenario for implementation. In this scenario, public transport is available for everyone on 24/7-basis for free. It is also combined with strong push measures to discourage the use of private cars.

Figure 2: Annual VKT in millions of each scenario